Notes for a troll
Jun. 16th, 2004 02:47 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
taratemimaSo, with interupted sleep and weird itching and feeling of something falling on me, I go on the computer and look up cross-cultural studies of the autistic spectrum.
I didn't quite get that. I did get a lot of references on cross-cultural data on various tests for emotional disorders in children.
Edelson MG, Edelson SM, Jung S, ‘Assessing the Intelligence of Individuals with Autism: A Cross-Cultural Replication of the Usefulness of the TONI’, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Winter 1998, Vol. 13, No. 4, 221-227
Bergsgaard, M. O., & Larsson, E. V. (1984). Increasing social interaction between an isolate first-grader and cross-cultural peers. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 244-251.
Achenbach, T.M., Verhulst, F.C., Edelbrock, C., Baron, G.D., Akkerhuis, G.W. Epidemiological comparisons of American and Dutch children: II. Behavioral/Emotional problems reported by teachers for ages 6 to 11. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1987, 26, 326-332. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Epidemiology/ Socioeconomic Status (SES)/ TRF.
Verhulst, F.C., Akkerhuis, G.W., Althaus, M. Mental health in Dutch children. 1. A crosscultural comparison. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1985, 72, Supp. No. 323. CBCL Reliability/ CBCL Validity/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Emotional Disorders/ Epidemiology/ TRF.
Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M.S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas-Goldman, S., Pagan, A., Sanchez-Lacay, A., Moscoso, M. Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico: The use of combined measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1988, 45, 1120-1126. Cross-Cultural Research/ Epidemiology/ Hispanic/ Spanish/ TRF.
Weisz, J.R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., Weiss, B., Achenbach, T.M., Trevathan, D. Epidemiology of behavioral and emotional problems among Thai and American children: Teacher reports for ages 6-11. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1989, 30, 471-484. Asian/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Emotional Disorders/ Epidemiology/ TRF/ Thai.
Achenbach, T.M., Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Phares, V., Gould, M.S., Rubio-Stipec, M. Epidemiological comparisons of Puerto Rican and U.S. mainland children: Parent, teacher, and self-reports. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1990, 29, 84-93. Cross-Cultural Research/ Epidemiology/ Hispanic/ Spanish/ Parent Perceptions/ TRF/ YSR.
471. Akkok, F., Askar, P. The adaptation and standardization of the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile: Turkish boys aged 7-12. Int J Psychol, 1989, 24, 129-136. Cross-Cultural Research/ TRF/ Turkish.
Lambert, M.C., Thesiger, C., Overly, K., Knight, F. Teacher and parent ratings of behavior problems in Jamaican children and adolescents: Convergence and divergence of views. Int J Intercultural Rel, 1990, 14, 177-191. Adolescence/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Jamaican/ Parent Perceptions/ Teacher Perceptions/ TRF.
Sawyer, M.G., Baghurst, P., Mathias, J. Differences between informants' reports describing emotional and behavioral problems in community and clinic-referred children: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1992, 33, 441-449. Australian/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Parent Perceptions/ Teacher Perceptions/ TRF.
Caprara, G.V., Pastorelli, C. Early indicators of emotional instability, prosocial behavior and aggression. Eur J Person, 1994, IN PRESS. CBCL Validity/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Emotional Disorders/ Italian/ TRF.
Gould, M.S., Bird, H., Jaramillo, B.S. Correspondence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses in a community sample. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 1993, 21, 287-313. Cross-Cultural Research/ Diagnosis/ DISC/ Hispanic/ Spanish/ Puerto Rican/ TRF/ YSR.
St.James-Roberts, I., Singh, G., Lynn, R., Jackson, S. Assessing emotional and behavioural problems in reception class school-children: Factor structure, convergence and prevalence using the PBCL. Br J Educ Psychol, 1994, 64, 105-118. British/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Pre-School/ TRF.
Coster, F.W., Goorhuis-Brouwer, S.M., Nakken, H., Spelberg, H.C.L. Specific language impairments and behavioural problems. Folia Phoniatr Logop, 1999, 51, 99-107. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Internalizing-Externalizing/ Language Disorders/ TRF.
Buitelaar, J.K., Van der Wees, M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., Van der Gaag, R.J. Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Dev Psychopathol, 1999, 11, 39-58. ADHD/ Autism/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Serra, M., Minderaa, R.B., van Geert, P.L.C., Jackson, A.E. An exploration of person perception abilities in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, 4, 259-69. Child Perceptions/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
2190. Willemsen-Swinkels, S.H.N., Buitelaar, J.K., van Engeland, H. Children with a pervasive developmental disorder, children with a language disorder and normally developing children in situations with high- and low- level involvement of the caregiver. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1997, 38, 327-336. Caregivers/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Language Disorders/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Willemsen-Swinkels, S.H.N., Buitelaar, J.K., Weijnen, F.G., van Engeland, H. Timing of social gaze behavior in children with a pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 1998, 28, 199-210. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Althaus, M., Mulder, L.J.M., Mulder, G., Aarnoudse, C.C., Minderaa, R.B. Cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding tasks in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 46, 799-809. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Luteijn, E.F., Serra, M., Jackson, S., Steenhuis, M.P., Althaus, M., Volkmar, F., Minderaa, R. How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? A study of social problems in children with PDD-NOS and ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2000, 9, 168-179. ADHD/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
A lot of the researchers are Dutch. Could be AS = being Dutch? :)
I did find one reference, one project, an ancedote and my own experience with social cues from other cultures.
The Ethnography of Autism Project.
Housed in the UCLA department of Anthropology and directed the Primary Investigator, Dr. Elinor Ochs, The UCLA’s Ethnography of Autism Project is supported by the Spencer Foundation for Educational and Related Research.
The project provides an ethnographic account of the everyday lives
of high-functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders (Autistic Disorder and Asperger Syndrome). Analytic foci include autistic children’s narrative interactions with family members and peers, inclusion in public school classrooms as a social practice, autistic children in multi-lingual families, and autism and the social world. Our current project examines socialization of children with autism spectrum disorders into the social rules of school and family, focusing on social rule violations. The study documents autistic children’s sense of rule awareness, which is foundational to belonging to a social group.
Here are some of her articles:
1986 Schieffelin,B. & Ochs, E. (eds.) Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
In Press. Ochs, E., Kremer-Sadlik, T., Sirota, K. & Solomon, O. "Autism and the social world: An anthropological perspective." In Discourse Studies, Special Issue on Discourse and Autism.
In Press. Ochs, E. & Solomon, O. "From the Outside-In: Practical Logic and Autism." In Edgerton, R. & Casey, C. (eds.) A Companion to Psychological Anthropology: Modernity and Psycho-cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Readings for cross-cultural psychopathology
http://www.uaf.edu/psych/courses/P663/PSY650_2003_Syl.html
http://www.autismo-congress.net/aspergersyndrome.html
From http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/mrdd/sub9.htm:
"Investigators at the University of Washington have also found that very young children with autism show an auditory preference for asocial mechanical signals, rather than the cross-cultural normal preference for simplified caregiver speech called "motherese.""
One trait is inflexiblity. If the person diagnosed on the autistic spectrum doesn't understand differences in eye contact, subject change and voice modulation, they will not and not understand what the other person is doing. A Spanish NT may realize that his American counterparts stand further away than he is used to. The person may adopt the behavior while in the United States, and discard it the moment the plane lands in Spain.
In contrast, I am currently taking an on-line course on doing business in Europe, using Germany, France and Great Britain as models. One part of the course is simulations of business meetings with people from those countries. I did very well with the Germans. I was able to grasp being direct, having facts and figures and getting to the point. I also managed not to take it personal when the simulated client questioned the accuracy of my figures.
With France, I had problems. Formal titles and trying to do details, I could do. I had a hard time defending my company against the simulation's insuitations of misconduct and saying nice general things about how business is done. It took me several tries to get through it without tripping!
(Oh, and Germans do not speak in a monotone. Much like while Russians lower their register while asking questions (rather than raising in other languages), they still change register in response to emotional states, formality, etc).
Interestingly, being from another country may be a cover for AS rather than cultural differences being misdiagnosed as AS. We have one ancedote, but it may lead to some possible research:
"When I eventually told some of my close friends and colleagues about Asperger's, many of them said that they had initially attributed my somewhat unusual behaviors to cultural influences resulting from my Danish birth and immigration to the United States at age 14 (one also attributed his perception to extensive stuttering problems that I experienced throughout most of my high school and college years). Ironically, I almost certainly would have had even more problems "fitting in" to a culture that demands so much more conformity than that expected in the U.S.--as was amply evidenced in my elementary and middle school years." (Lar Perner, from aspergerssyndrome.org)
I didn't quite get that. I did get a lot of references on cross-cultural data on various tests for emotional disorders in children.
Edelson MG, Edelson SM, Jung S, ‘Assessing the Intelligence of Individuals with Autism: A Cross-Cultural Replication of the Usefulness of the TONI’, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Winter 1998, Vol. 13, No. 4, 221-227
Bergsgaard, M. O., & Larsson, E. V. (1984). Increasing social interaction between an isolate first-grader and cross-cultural peers. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 244-251.
Achenbach, T.M., Verhulst, F.C., Edelbrock, C., Baron, G.D., Akkerhuis, G.W. Epidemiological comparisons of American and Dutch children: II. Behavioral/Emotional problems reported by teachers for ages 6 to 11. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1987, 26, 326-332. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Epidemiology/ Socioeconomic Status (SES)/ TRF.
Verhulst, F.C., Akkerhuis, G.W., Althaus, M. Mental health in Dutch children. 1. A crosscultural comparison. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1985, 72, Supp. No. 323. CBCL Reliability/ CBCL Validity/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Emotional Disorders/ Epidemiology/ TRF.
Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M.S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas-Goldman, S., Pagan, A., Sanchez-Lacay, A., Moscoso, M. Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico: The use of combined measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1988, 45, 1120-1126. Cross-Cultural Research/ Epidemiology/ Hispanic/ Spanish/ TRF.
Weisz, J.R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., Weiss, B., Achenbach, T.M., Trevathan, D. Epidemiology of behavioral and emotional problems among Thai and American children: Teacher reports for ages 6-11. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1989, 30, 471-484. Asian/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Emotional Disorders/ Epidemiology/ TRF/ Thai.
Achenbach, T.M., Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Phares, V., Gould, M.S., Rubio-Stipec, M. Epidemiological comparisons of Puerto Rican and U.S. mainland children: Parent, teacher, and self-reports. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1990, 29, 84-93. Cross-Cultural Research/ Epidemiology/ Hispanic/ Spanish/ Parent Perceptions/ TRF/ YSR.
471. Akkok, F., Askar, P. The adaptation and standardization of the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile: Turkish boys aged 7-12. Int J Psychol, 1989, 24, 129-136. Cross-Cultural Research/ TRF/ Turkish.
Lambert, M.C., Thesiger, C., Overly, K., Knight, F. Teacher and parent ratings of behavior problems in Jamaican children and adolescents: Convergence and divergence of views. Int J Intercultural Rel, 1990, 14, 177-191. Adolescence/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Jamaican/ Parent Perceptions/ Teacher Perceptions/ TRF.
Sawyer, M.G., Baghurst, P., Mathias, J. Differences between informants' reports describing emotional and behavioral problems in community and clinic-referred children: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1992, 33, 441-449. Australian/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Parent Perceptions/ Teacher Perceptions/ TRF.
Caprara, G.V., Pastorelli, C. Early indicators of emotional instability, prosocial behavior and aggression. Eur J Person, 1994, IN PRESS. CBCL Validity/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Emotional Disorders/ Italian/ TRF.
Gould, M.S., Bird, H., Jaramillo, B.S. Correspondence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses in a community sample. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 1993, 21, 287-313. Cross-Cultural Research/ Diagnosis/ DISC/ Hispanic/ Spanish/ Puerto Rican/ TRF/ YSR.
St.James-Roberts, I., Singh, G., Lynn, R., Jackson, S. Assessing emotional and behavioural problems in reception class school-children: Factor structure, convergence and prevalence using the PBCL. Br J Educ Psychol, 1994, 64, 105-118. British/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Pre-School/ TRF.
Coster, F.W., Goorhuis-Brouwer, S.M., Nakken, H., Spelberg, H.C.L. Specific language impairments and behavioural problems. Folia Phoniatr Logop, 1999, 51, 99-107. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Internalizing-Externalizing/ Language Disorders/ TRF.
Buitelaar, J.K., Van der Wees, M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., Van der Gaag, R.J. Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Dev Psychopathol, 1999, 11, 39-58. ADHD/ Autism/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Serra, M., Minderaa, R.B., van Geert, P.L.C., Jackson, A.E. An exploration of person perception abilities in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, 4, 259-69. Child Perceptions/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
2190. Willemsen-Swinkels, S.H.N., Buitelaar, J.K., van Engeland, H. Children with a pervasive developmental disorder, children with a language disorder and normally developing children in situations with high- and low- level involvement of the caregiver. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1997, 38, 327-336. Caregivers/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Language Disorders/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Willemsen-Swinkels, S.H.N., Buitelaar, J.K., Weijnen, F.G., van Engeland, H. Timing of social gaze behavior in children with a pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 1998, 28, 199-210. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Althaus, M., Mulder, L.J.M., Mulder, G., Aarnoudse, C.C., Minderaa, R.B. Cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding tasks in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 46, 799-809. Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Luteijn, E.F., Serra, M., Jackson, S., Steenhuis, M.P., Althaus, M., Volkmar, F., Minderaa, R. How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? A study of social problems in children with PDD-NOS and ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2000, 9, 168-179. ADHD/ Cross-Cultural Research/ Dutch/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
A lot of the researchers are Dutch. Could be AS = being Dutch? :)
I did find one reference, one project, an ancedote and my own experience with social cues from other cultures.
The Ethnography of Autism Project.
Housed in the UCLA department of Anthropology and directed the Primary Investigator, Dr. Elinor Ochs, The UCLA’s Ethnography of Autism Project is supported by the Spencer Foundation for Educational and Related Research.
The project provides an ethnographic account of the everyday lives
of high-functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders (Autistic Disorder and Asperger Syndrome). Analytic foci include autistic children’s narrative interactions with family members and peers, inclusion in public school classrooms as a social practice, autistic children in multi-lingual families, and autism and the social world. Our current project examines socialization of children with autism spectrum disorders into the social rules of school and family, focusing on social rule violations. The study documents autistic children’s sense of rule awareness, which is foundational to belonging to a social group.
Here are some of her articles:
1986 Schieffelin,B. & Ochs, E. (eds.) Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
In Press. Ochs, E., Kremer-Sadlik, T., Sirota, K. & Solomon, O. "Autism and the social world: An anthropological perspective." In Discourse Studies, Special Issue on Discourse and Autism.
In Press. Ochs, E. & Solomon, O. "From the Outside-In: Practical Logic and Autism." In Edgerton, R. & Casey, C. (eds.) A Companion to Psychological Anthropology: Modernity and Psycho-cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Readings for cross-cultural psychopathology
http://www.uaf.edu/psych/courses/P663/PSY650_2003_Syl.html
http://www.autismo-congress.net/aspergersyndrome.html
From http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/mrdd/sub9.htm:
"Investigators at the University of Washington have also found that very young children with autism show an auditory preference for asocial mechanical signals, rather than the cross-cultural normal preference for simplified caregiver speech called "motherese.""
One trait is inflexiblity. If the person diagnosed on the autistic spectrum doesn't understand differences in eye contact, subject change and voice modulation, they will not and not understand what the other person is doing. A Spanish NT may realize that his American counterparts stand further away than he is used to. The person may adopt the behavior while in the United States, and discard it the moment the plane lands in Spain.
In contrast, I am currently taking an on-line course on doing business in Europe, using Germany, France and Great Britain as models. One part of the course is simulations of business meetings with people from those countries. I did very well with the Germans. I was able to grasp being direct, having facts and figures and getting to the point. I also managed not to take it personal when the simulated client questioned the accuracy of my figures.
With France, I had problems. Formal titles and trying to do details, I could do. I had a hard time defending my company against the simulation's insuitations of misconduct and saying nice general things about how business is done. It took me several tries to get through it without tripping!
(Oh, and Germans do not speak in a monotone. Much like while Russians lower their register while asking questions (rather than raising in other languages), they still change register in response to emotional states, formality, etc).
Interestingly, being from another country may be a cover for AS rather than cultural differences being misdiagnosed as AS. We have one ancedote, but it may lead to some possible research:
"When I eventually told some of my close friends and colleagues about Asperger's, many of them said that they had initially attributed my somewhat unusual behaviors to cultural influences resulting from my Danish birth and immigration to the United States at age 14 (one also attributed his perception to extensive stuttering problems that I experienced throughout most of my high school and college years). Ironically, I almost certainly would have had even more problems "fitting in" to a culture that demands so much more conformity than that expected in the U.S.--as was amply evidenced in my elementary and middle school years." (Lar Perner, from aspergerssyndrome.org)
